IRRIGATION AND TYPES OF IRRIGATION

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                                                                                IRRIGATION

 DEFINITION:

Irrigation is the process of carriage of water through pipelines and tube wells to farms.


SYSTEM OF IRRIGATION:

 SURFACE IRRIGATION:

                Applying water to the soil without aerial application is known as surface irrigation. It depends on gravity for spread of water over the area. This generally use more quality of water.


TYPES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION:

                Flooding:

                                This is followed in wet lands mostly for banana. This is a wasteful method which will lead to stagnation of water and help weed growth.


                Check:

                                Check bunds of large areas enclosing a number of trees are provided with channels between two row. This is more economical than flood system.


                Basins:

                                This is widely practiced. The basins should be square or circular and should be sloping from the trunk to the periphery. This method is useful in young orchards, light sandy and alkaline soils. The size of the basin should be widened as the roots spread.


                Ring:

                                In this system, small ring bund will be provided around the trees or one single irrigation channel connecting all trees will be formed and around each tree the channel is widened to form basin.  


                Bed:

                                This adopted in heavy soils for fruit crops like banana, wherein 3-4 plants are enclosed in a bed and is irrigation by opening on one side of the bed.


                Furrow:

                                This is most widely followed for vegetable crops like tomato,onion,brinjal etc.


 All the above different systems of surface irrigation do not ensure uniform distribution of water. It may be more near channels and less away from channels.

SUB IRRIGATION:

This method supplies water from below soil through underground pipe or by ditches on one side. This is useful for green house. Pipes are laid 45-60 cm deep and 6m apart. Pipes will holes at regular intervals. This method is costly and deep cultivation is not possible. But evaporation of moisture is prevented to a great extent.


SPECIAL IRRIGATION METHODS:

                Overhead irrigation:

                                Overhead irrigation is by the use of sprinklers. Most widely used overhead system. In this system, the initial cost of installation is rather high but there are several advantage. There is saving in labour cost and water. More uniform wetting of soil is possible and erosion will be eliminated. This method is best for steep and terraced lands. This is more widely adopted in plantations. There are also some disadvantage. Due to the influence of wind, there will be non uniformity in coverage. In the hot sun, droplets on leaves and fruits may cause sunburn. Certain diseases may spread easily.


                Drip  irrigation:

                                Drip irrigation is known by various names like ‘trickle irrigation’ or ‘high frequency irrigation’ or ‘daily flow irrigation’. This is a method of watering  plants at a rate equivalent to its consumptive use so that plants would not experience any stress during the growing phase. In this the water is conveyed from a source under low pressure to the root zone of the crop only.

OBJECTIVE OF DRIP IRRIGATION:

  • Provision of optimum quality of water to the crop for optimum production
  • Saving the valuable water from wastage thereby increasing the water use efficiency and the command area.

 

MCQ:

Crops grow well when they are?

a) fertilized

b) irrigated

c) cared

d) wilted

Carriage of water through pipelines and tube wells to farms is known as?

a) fertilization

b) hydration

c) irrigation

d) pollination

Efficient and modern irrigation systems today are based on three principles?

a) high frequency/ low volume

b) soil moisture sensor based scheduling

c) automatic operation

d) none of the above

The frequency of irrigation is determined by the following factors?

a) the nature of soil

b) rate of absorption by plants

c) the root system of the crop

d) all of the above

 

Answer= 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(b),4-(d)

  REFERENCE:

Introduction to horticulture 8th edition author N.Kumar

 

 

 

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