EMBRYOGENY BY DICOTYLEDON (Ceratocephalus falcatus)

-

                                                EMBRYOGENY BY DICOTYLEDON

 

Based on the plane of division of the apical cell in the 2-celled proembryo, and the contribution of the basal cell (cb) and the apical cell (ca) in the formation of embryo proper, five chief types of embryogeny have been recognized by Maheshwari (1950)

A. The apical cell of the 2-celled proembryo divides longitudinally

(1) The basal cell plays only a minor role or none in the subsequent development of the embryo proper Crucifer Type or Onagrad Type (eg., Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Onagraceae, Pedaliaceae, Ranunculaceae. Scrophulariaceae)

(2) The basal cell and apical cell both contribute to the development of embryo - Asterad Type (eg. Asteraceae, Balsaminaceae. Violaceae, Vitaceae)

B. The apical cell of the 2-celled proembryo divides transversely

i- The basal cell plays only a minor role or none in the subsequent development of the embryo proper (3) The basal cell usually forms a suspensor - Solanad Type (eg., Campanulaceae, Linaceae, Solanaceae, Theaceae).

(4) The basal cell undergoes no further division, and the suspensor, if present, is always derived from the apical cell – Caryophyllad Type (eg. Caryophyllaceae, Crassulaceae, Haloragaceae)

 

ii- (5) The basal and apical cells both contribute to the development of embryo - Chenopodiad Type (eg. Boraginaceae, Chenopodiaceae).

 

These five types of embryogeny refer to those plants where first division of the zygote is transverse, so that an apical cell and a basal cell are formed. Johansen (1950) has recognized a sixth type of embryogeny, called Piperad Type, which includes those cases where first division of the zygote is vertical (Loranthaceae, Piperaceae).

Often the type of embryogeny is constant throughout a family. Rarely, however, the same species may show more than one well established trend of embryo development For example, in Anemone rivularis, Solanad Type as well as Crucifer Type of embryogeny occur regularly.

To illustrate complete development of a dicotyledonous embryo the work of Bhandari and Asnani (1968) on Ceratocephalus falcatus (Ranunculaceae) is described. In this species the embryogeny is of the Onagrad Type.


 

Development and structure of Ceratocephalus falcatus:

 The zygote divides transversely, forming a small apical cell (ca) and a large basal cell. Cell cb divides transversely, forming two superposed cells ci and m, and cell ca undergoes a vertical division giving rise to two juxtaposed cells Thus, a T-shaped, 4-celled proembryo is formed. Of the two daughter cells of cb, cell ci divides transversely giving rise to n and n'. These two cells divide further forming a linear row of 3 or 4-celled suspensor Cell m and its derivatives divide by a vertical division to form 4-6 cells. Oblique periclinal divisions in each of these cells result in an inner set of cells (the initials of root apex) and an outer set of cells (the initials of root cap, In the meantime the daughter cells of the apical cell divide by another vertical division at right angles to the first division, forming a quadrant q. A transverse division of the quadrant results in an ant arranged in two tiers (l, l₁,) of four cells each. Vertical divisions in tiers, I and I, give rise to a globular proembryo. Periclinal divisions in the peripheral cells of the globular proembryo demarcate a single layered dermatogen, the future epidermis. Cells of the tier I differentiate the initials of plumule and the two cotyledons. The latter flank the former on either side. Growth in the cotyledonary zones is much faster than in the plumular zone. As a result, in the mature embryo the plumule is enclosed at the base of the two cotyledons. The tier l₁, finally forms the hypocotyl-radicle axis.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle

-
Image
 Krebs cycle or Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle   Two molecules of acetyl CoA formed from link reaction now enter into Krebs cycle. It is named after its discoverer, German Biochemist Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1937). The enzymes necessary for TCA cycle are found in mitochondrial matrix except succinate dehydrogenase enzyme which is found in mitochondrial inner membrane. TCA cycle starts with condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate in the presence of water to yield citrate or citric acid. Therefore, it is also known as Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) or Tri Carboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. It is followed by the action of different enzymes in cyclic manner. During the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase or succinate thiokinase, a molecule of ATP synthesis from substrate without entering the electron transport chain is called substrate level phosphorylation. In animals a molecule of GTP is synthesized from GDP+Pi. In a coupled reaction GTP is converted to G
Read more

GARDEN IMPLEMENTS

-
Image
                                                                 GARDEN IMPLEMENTS   Pick axe: pickle axe is a ‘T’ shaped hand tool used for prying. Its head is typically metal, attached perpendicular to a longer handle. It is used for breaking up rocks or ground, in construction and mining, prying the axe of hoeing, skimming and chopping through roots.   Axe: axe is an implement that has been used for shape, split and cut wood. It has two primary components: the head and the haft. It is used for chopping, splitting, chipping, piercing, to harvest timber, weapon, ceremonial or heraldic symbol. Shovel: shovel is a hand tool consist of a broad blade fixed to a medium- length handle. It is used for digging, lifting, moving bulk materials. Trowel: a trowel is a small hand tool. The varieties include masonry towel, garden trowel, float trowel. It is used for digging, applying, smoothing, planting, weeding, mixing in fertilizer and transferring plants to pots. Garden for
Read more

Heterosis- discovery, definition, types & mutation, polyploid breeding

-
Image
                                                                                     Heterosis Discovery: Heterosis (hetero- different; sis - condition) G.H. Shull was the first scientist to use the term heterosis in 1912.  Definition: The superiority of the F1 hybrid in performance over its parents is called heterosis or hybrid vigour. Vigour refers to increase in growth, yield, greater adaptability of resistance to diseases, pest and drought. Vegetative propagation is the best suited measure for maintaining hybrid vigour, since the desired characters are not lost and can persist over a period of time. Many breeders believe that the magnitude of heterosis is directly related to the degree of genetic diversity between the two parents. Depending on the nature, origin, adaptability and reproducing ability heterosis can be classified as: Euheterosis - This is the true heterosis which is inherited and is further classified as: a. Mutational Euheterosis –   Simplest type of euhetero
Read more