Sex Linked Inheritance - types, X linked, Y linked, XY linked, Completely sex linked and Incompletely sex linked inheritance , cris-cross/ zig zag inheritance

-

                                                             Sex Linked Inheritance

The transmission of body characters from parents to offspring along with a sex is called sex linked inheritance. It is also called sex linkage. The genes controlling body characters located on the sex chromosomes are called sex linked genes. The body characters (other than sex characters) controlled by genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked characters. Sex linked inheritance was discovered by T.H. Morgan in 1910. The following are the common examples for sex-linked inheritance:

1. Colour blindness

2. Haemophilia

3. Eye colour in Drosophila

4. Hypertrichosis (Hair in the ear pinna)

5. Ichthyosis hystrix.

The sex linked genes are located on X chromosome or Y chromosome or both X and Y chromosome. The genes, controlling body characters, located on X chromosome are called X-linked genes. The inheritance of X-linked genes is called X-linked inheritance. The characters controlled by X- linked genes are called X-linked characters. Eg. Haemophilia, colour blindness, eye colour in Drosophila. The genes controlling body characters located on Y chromo- some are called Y-linked genes. The inheritance of Y-linked genes is called Y-linked inheritance. The characters controlled by Y- linked genes are called Y-linked characters. Eg. Hypertrichosis (hair in the pinna), Ichthyosis hystrix (scales on the body). The genes controlling body characters located on both X and Y chromosomes are called XY linked genes. The inheritance of XY linked genes is called XY linked inheritance. The characters controlled by XY linked genes are called XY linked inheritance. E Xeroderma pigmentosum, Retinitis pigmentosa, nephritis, etc. Most of the sex linked characters are recessive. They are more common in man than in woman. Most of the sex linked genes follow criss-cross inheritance (zig-zag inheritance). The inheritance of a character from the father to his grandson through his daughter is called criss-cross inheritance. That is, the sex linked character appears only in alternate generations.


Cris-Cross or Zig-Zag Inheritance:

The transmission of eye colour genes (the white eye colour gene w) is in a specific pattern. It is transmitted from the father to his grandsons through his daughters and never to or through his sons. This type of transmission of genes from father to grandson through daughter is called cris-cross or zig-zag inheritance.

Types of Sex Linked Inheritance:

There are five types of sex linked inheritance. They are as follows:

1. X linked inheritance

2. Y linked inheritance

3. XY linked inheritance

4. Completely sex linked inheritance and

5. Incompletely sex linked inheritance.

1. X linked inheritance:

Certain sex linked genes are located only on X chromosomes and their alleles are absent from Y chromosome. These genes are called X linked genes; the characters controlled by these genes are called X linked characters and their mode of inheritance is called X linked inheritance. Eg. Colour blindness, haemophilia, eye-colour in Drosophila, etc.


2. Y linked inheritance:

The sex linked genes located on Y chromosomes only are called Y linked genes. The Y linked genes are confined to males only. Hence they are also called holandric genes (Holos-whole; andros- male). These genes are transmitted directly from the father to the son. Their mode of inheritance is called Y linked inheritance. Eg. Hypertrichosis, Ichthyosis hystrix, etc. Hypertrichosis is characterized by the presence of tufts of hairs in the pinna. It occurs in man only. Ichthyosis hystrix is characterized by the presence of scales on the body.

3. XY linked inheritance:

 Certain sex linked genes are located on both X and Y chromosomes. They are called XY linked genes and their mode of inheritance is called XY linked inheritance. Eg. Xeroderm pigmentosum, nephritis, retinitis pigmentosa, etc.

4. Completely sex linked inheritance:

The X and Y chromosomes are not similar. The X chromosome is larger and straight. But the Y chromosome is smaller and one end is curved. The lower part of X chromosome is similar to that of Y chromosome. These two parts are called homologous regions. They have the same type of genes. The remaining parts of the X and Y chromosomes are not similar. So they are called non-homologous regions or differential regions. They do not contain similar type of genes. The genes located on non-homologous regions inherit together because crossing over does not occur in these regions. So the genes located on non-homologous regions are called completely sex linked genes and their inheritance is called completely sex linked inheritance. Eg. Haemophilia, colour blindness, etc.

5. Incompletely sex linked inheritance:

The genes located on homologous regions of sex chromosomes do not inherit together because crossing over may occur in these regions. So these genes are called incompletely sex linked gene and their mode of inheritance is called incompletely sex linked in heritance. Eg. Retinitis pigmentosa, nephritis, etc.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

GARDEN IMPLEMENTS

-
Image
                                                                 GARDEN IMPLEMENTS   Pick axe: pickle axe is a ‘T’ shaped hand tool used for prying. Its head is typically metal, attached perpendicular to a longer handle. It is used for breaking up rocks or ground, in construction and mining, prying the axe of hoeing, skimming and chopping through roots.   Axe: axe is an implement that has been used for shape, split and cut wood. It has two primary components: the head and the haft. It is used for chopping, splitting, chipping, piercing, to harvest timber, weapon, ceremonial or heraldic symbol. Shovel: shovel is a hand tool consist of a broad blade fixed to a medium- length handle. It is used for digging, lifting, moving bulk materials. Trowel: a trowel is a small hand tool. The varieties include masonry towel, garden trowel, float trowel. It is used for digging, applying, smoothing, planting, weeding, mixing in fertilizer and transferring plants to pots. Garden for
Read more

DNA Repair - Definition, Types

-
Image
                                                                                       DNA REPAIR Definition: Restoring the damaged part of DNA is called DNA repair. DNA is a fragile molecule that can be easily damaged. It is prone to damage due to replication and mutagenic agents. The following damages are caused to DNA. I. Insertion of a wrong base during replication. Eg. Conversion of cytosine to uracil (found only in RNA). UV rays alter bases.  2. Loss of a purine base. 3. Alteration of bases. Eg. amino group (deamination) converts C to U. 4. Breakage of DNA strands. It may be single stranded break (SSB) or double stranded break (DSB). 5. Covalent linkages between bases. It may be on the same strand (intrastrand) or between strands (interstrand). 6. Mismatches of the normal bases. Eg. Incorporation of U (found only in RNA) instead of T. The following agents cause damage to DNA: 1. Radiation - UV rays, X rays, gamma rays, etc. 2. Highly reactive oxygen - radicals p
Read more

ASEXUAL PROPAGATION (VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION)

-
Image
  VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION DEFINITION: Asexual propagation or vegetative propagation or clonal propagation refers to the multiplication or perpetuation of any plant from any vegetative parts of plants other than the seeds. Vegetative propagation is possible as the vegetative organs of many plants have the capacity for regeneration. For instance, stem cutting have the ability to form adventitious roots; root cuttings can generate new shoot system while leaves can regenerate new roots and shoots. Vegetative propagation is also known as clonal propagation since this kind of propagation is the rule to maintain a clone. CLONE : A clone may be defined as genetically uniform materials derived from single individual and propagated. exclusively by vegetative means such as cutting, divisions or grafts. METHODS OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION: Cuttage:                 Cuttage may be described as a method of propagation of plants by the detached vegetative plant parts which when placed und
Read more